What Causes Different Eye Colors?

The same compound that determines our skin color also creates the variety of eye colors we see.

In fact, it's the very same compound that protects our skin and eyes from getting damaged by the sun (though we still need sunglasses and sunscreen to finish the job). So how can one compound (melanin) result in so many different eye colors?

Which Are the Rarest Eye Colors?

Living in an English-speaking country, you might get the impression that there's a pretty even mix of blue, hazel, and brown eyes in the population. However, across the rest of the planet, the ratios change wildly. The many shades of brown eyes are the overwhelming majority, while scientists are confident that they can trace blue eyes back to the same common ancestor with a specific mutation affecting eye color. Here are the overall percentages:

• Brown eyes: 70-79%
• Blue eyes: 8-10%
• Hazel eyes: 5%
• Gray eyes: 3%
• Green eyes: 2%
• Heterochromia (meaning the two eyes are different colors or there's a patch of a different color in one eye): 1%
• Red or violet eyes: under 1%

How Melanin and Pigment Works in the Eyes

There are two different kinds of melanin in the iris. Eumelanin produces a deep, chocolate brown color, while pheomelanin produces more of the amber, green, and hazel colors. Blue eyes happen when there's little to no melanin present, rather than due to actual blue pigment. Similar to the way the sky and ocean appear blue, blue eyes get their color from the way light scatters around the iris.

The way eyes can be green is when there's not quite enough melanin to disrupt the Tyndall effect that creates blue color, so it combines with a yellowish pigment to produce green. Hazel eyes have enough melanin to get past that point. At the opposite end of the spectrum, red or "violet" eyes typical of albinism come from a complete absence of melanin in all layers of the iris, to the point that the Tyndall effect mixes with the red of the underlying blood vessels.

Eye Color Genetics Is Complicated

As many as 16 different genes work together to determine our eye color. A tiny change to any of those genes could result in something different. That's why it isn't always so easy to predict what color a baby's eyes will be just by looking at their parents' eyes.

Sometimes babies (mainly caucasian babies) are born with blue or gray eyes that eventually change to a different color. It's the same way kids may start out platinum blonde and end up with honey-blonde or brown hair as adults. It can take time for the cells in the eyes to produce the final amount of melanin, and light exposure can trigger more melanin production.

Other Ways Eye Color Can Change

We all had that one friend in school who claimed their eye color would change every day. That was most likely a trick of the light based on the way their eyes reflected the colors of their clothes and surroundings. Changes in pupil size and lighting can make eye color appear different, and aging can cause a gradual change. Injuries can also cause a permanent change. The best-known example of that was David Bowie.

There Are Also Artificial Eye Color Changes

In the modern day, we can use contact lenses to change our eye color if we really want to. If you're interested in seeing how you'd look with a different eye color, let us know and we can help! Just temper your expectations because a curved contact lens won't look the same as the flat surface of the iris underneath the cornea of the eye.

There's nothing better than our patients' beautiful eyes!

Top image used under CC0 Public Domain license. Image cropped and modified from original.

The content on this blog is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of qualified health providers with questions you may have regarding medical conditions.